Explaining of liberalism

Definition of terms Anarchy refers to the state of lawlessness in a given society. International relations refer to the relations between and among societies, management of relations, and regulations governing the relations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explaining of liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction International relations’ theories have been of great concern because of their impact in different societies. Contrasting  The Theories The theories have different views of explaining liberalism with regard to peace. Kenneth Oye’s game theory In his theory, he wanted to understand the reasons why cooperation exists in some lawless societies at some instances and do not exist in others. In the attempt to find out the answers, he came up with two simpler questions which attempted to find out appropriate ways that the lawless societies may exploit in their attempts to enhance the existence of cooperation, and to establish the conditions that may enhance the existence of cooperation in societies. The structure of payoff, the future of the shadows, and the players’ numbers are the factors that affect existence of cooperation in states that are afflicted by anarchy. He came up with strategies to address the three factors. As regards the payoff structure, certain strategies to be employed included the harmonizing of ideas, perceptions, attitudes, and interests of the members of the society in a bid to have an appropriate structured payment and norms related to the payment. In order to increase the future of the shadows, strategies created included the prior definition of cooperation, norms, and mechanisms that enhance cooperation.  Concerning the number of players, the strategies integrated by Kenneth Oye included having an appropriate number of players, collective bargaining, and focusing on the common interests of the members.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Robert Keohane’s liberal institutionalism theory The theory postulates that there is a dire need for the institutions to collaborate in order to enhance cooperation and maintain peace in a society. Keohane argued that cooperation may be enhanced through enhancing mutuality of interest, enhancing the shadow of the future, and having an appropriate number of players with similar strategies. Keohane argues that peace, security, and cooperation in societies can be realized when institutions are considered as interdependent. He added that interdependence should be valued because states exist as chains of units of communities and societies that play a very important role in Industrial relations. Michael Doyle’s liberal theory He emphasized on Kant’s theory of perceptual peace which advances the concept that peace leads to quality and peaceful rela tions. He argued that peace among liberal democracies cannot be dismissed as a byproduct of strategic alliances. The theory acknowledges wishful thinking, collective bargaining, and cooperation which may be enhanced through promoting mutuality of interests, enhancing the shadow of the future, and having an appropriate number of players with similar strategies. Comparison Of The Theories The three theories have some similarities which include: Emphasis on equity These theories focus on the need for justice when implementing peace. The theories have norms and structures that are free from arbitrary decisions, discrimination, and favoritism. The norms secure mutual relations among the members of a society. Effective communication The theories state that there is need for effective communication to enhance the understanding of concepts by the members of the society. Effective communication enhances mutual understanding and eases resolution of conflicts.Advertising We will write a c ustom essay sample on Explaining of liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Emphasis on peace The theories focus on peace hence enhancing smooth settlement of disputes while harmonizing relationships. They address disputes related to dissatisfaction, salaries, wages, working hours, and other benefits like bonuses. They resolve the disputes by peacefully addressing all the issues that can bring disputes. Respect and trust The theories value trust and respect. Members recognize that there are areas of commonalities and areas of differences amongst themselves in the society. They respect each other’s interests in their perceptions, ideologies, and any other contributions. Individual freedom Members of a society have a dire right to participate fully in the decisions that affect them. All members must be heard in the decision making process. Conclusion All the theories are very important for peaceful coexistence of people in an y society. Members of every society should attempt to understand the theories and implement them appropriately. This essay on Explaining of liberalism was written and submitted by user JuleCarpenter to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Profiling Passengers Pros and Cons

Profiling Passengers Pros and Cons The threat of terrorism has made airport security measures a hot topic since 9/11. While passengers face ever-longer lists of prohibited items, security experts increasingly argue that it is passengers themselves, not the contents of their bags, that need to be scrutinized. Those in the air travel business may agree, as the time and inconvenience of getting through airport security grows, making air travel unattractive to customers. If passenger profiling works, it would be an effective way to prevent terrorists from attacking and save time and money for everyone else. Profiling Provokes Concerns Over Civil Liberties Civil Rights experts argue that passenger profiling violates passengers civil rights. Any profiling system requires creating stereotypes of their objects based on existing information. So, because the 9/11 attackers were all Arab Muslims, Arab Muslims are more likely to be profiled than others, which violates basic ideas about Americans equality. The chance that inaccuracies and prejudice will make their way into the system is good. Profilings Effectiveness Remains to Be Proven Profiling may not actually be effective. Profiling, when it replaces baggage screening, can have a negative effect on overall security, according to the American Civil Liberties Union: In 1972, the last year the United States used profiles to determine whose carry-on luggage would be X-rayed to stop hijacking, there were 28 hijackings of U.S. aircraft anyway. Hijacking dropped off when profiling was abandoned and every passengers carry-on luggage was X-rayed. Latest Developments The August 2006 arrest of 24 men planning to blow up aircraft leaving Heathrows airport using a combination of innocuous liquids re-opened the debate about effective airport screening. Later in the week, the British government announced that it is considering a passenger profiling system that would go beyond simply identifying passengers with specific racial or ethnic backgrounds. Amid extra security measures, delays and skyrocketing threat levels for passengers, analysts concluded that current hand-baggage screening technology is probably not sufficient to identify all potential bomb components, especially homemade ones. The trouble with airport security measures is that a lot of machines do not spot a lot of explosives. It is still a case of dogs and people taking their clothes off, Andy Oppenheimer, an editor for Janes Nuclear Biological Chemical Defense, told The Guardian. Background Airline passenger profiling got its official start in 1994 when Northwest Airlines began developing a computer-assisted passenger prescreening system (CAPPS). Following suspicions that the July 1996 crash of a TWA flight might have involved a bomb, the government began making recommendations that profiling through CAPPS should be made routine. Civil liberties organizations raised concerns that such programs are discriminatory. Their use remained widespread, however, and both a 1997 Justice Department report and 1998 Senate Subcommittee aviation hearings concluded that CAPPS was being implemented in a fair way. They recommended Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) oversight to make sure that profiling remained fair. Concerns about terrorism following 9/11 and advances in electronic information collection and gathering have raised the stakes. Following September 11, the Department of Homeland Security developed two programs, CAPPS II and the Secure Flight Program, both of which have been controversial on civil liberties grounds. CAPPS II, which required passengers to provide personal information when they made reservations, has been abandoned. Secure Flight requires airlines to share the names of passengers with the government for comparison with a centralized list of terrorist names. The government is also experimenting with low-tech forms of passenger profiling based on behavior pattern recognition. Security officers use the technique to flag passengers who seem to be acting suspiciously. While it is behavior, not race or ethnicity, thats being tagged, there are concerns that behavior pattern recognition can turn easily into racial profiling, or subject innocent people to illegal searches without a good pretext. The Screening Passengers by Observation Technique program, known as SPOT, has been in use in major city airports since 2004. The Case for Profiling While behavior pattern recognition hasnt yet stopped any terrorists, there is a lot of anecdotal evidence suggesting that it can. Officers using behavior pattern recognition techniques at major U.S. airports have successfully stopped people with fake identification, and others wanted for drug possession or other crimes. The threat of terrorism warrants adding these techniques to existing baggage screening technology. Passenger Profiling Is a Race-Neutral Technique Behavior pattern recognition is a race-neutral profiling technique in which screeners look for how people act, rather than the shade of their skin. In fact, profilers are prohibited from relying on race or other discriminatory factors to identify potential terrorists. A program analyst for the Transportation Security Administration called SPOT an antidote to racial profiling ... If you look for a certain race or ethnicity, youre making a big mistake. As for screening technologies that make use of electronic databases, our elected officials and others can pressure the government to notify the public that private information is being used, and adhere to other requirements. In fact, requiring the government to use technologies and techniques in an ethical way would be a great way to move beyond the well-debated conflict between liberty and security. The government can provide Americans with both by appropriately using profiling technology and methods. The Case Against Profiling Terrorists may go undetected by behavior pattern recognition profiling, despite the techniques success in capturing other criminals. Terrorists may be trained for long periods in how to control suspicious behaviors. And there are no existing profile templates for how terrorists behave, so it would be difficult to come up with a profile that predicts their specific ways of behaving. Profiling Can Amount to an Ethnic Witch Hunt There is such a high likelihood that profiling will turn into an ethnic witch hunt that it is not worth risking its use. The British implementation of similar profiling in August 2006 immediately provoked a Muslim police officer to call it an extreme form of stereotyping. Such a move by American authorities is likely to provoke similarly justified outrage and in the process damage the United States already troubled relationship with Islamic communities, both domestically and abroad. Profiling Technologies Violate Passengers Privacy Rights Northwest Airlines release of private citizens information to NASA in 2001-2002 suggests that neither the public nor private sector is interested in preserving Americans right to privacy. The availability of technology that encourages the coordination and use of even more personal information will make it increasingly difficult to enforce civil liberties, and although violations of rights may be discovered after the fact, the damage will already have been done. Stopping terrorists before they strike is key to protecting Americans security. But protecting the country also means aiming to protect its ideals. At the least, it would be ironic if the quest to protect the ideals of American freedom cost Americans their civil liberties.

Technologies coming true Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technologies coming true - Research Paper Example One of his assumptions is that he could, indeed, connect to the past and communicate with his dead father, or that he could link up with the future and connect with people trying to talk to him. According to the professor, time is flexible and it could be manipulated by twisting space. The documentary explains the possibility of using a circulating light beam to twist space and close time to a loop. The key challenge is to get laser power to twist space. The professor uses the principle of flexible time to send particles into the past. The documentary explores the link between energy, space, and time as developed by Albert Einstein. However, the professor acknowledges practical challenges that would make it impossible for the machine to connect to the past from the present moment. Various conditions have to be met in order for the professor to challenge the aspect of time as it appears in reality. It might be important to notice that some of the issues that connect to the questions a bout time are actually based on the acknowledgement of the bridge between the theoretical explanations and the practical difficulties involved. The acknowledgement of the difficulties involved in the practical possibilities of the time machine effectively distinguishes this documentary from many science fiction movies, which have always insisted on the possibility of uniting the past and the future through some technological implements born out of their own imaginations. The documentary separates the possible from the impossible by use of illustrations, theories, and explanations. It might be important to assess the similarities and contrasts between the grounds established in The World’s First Time Machine documentary and the imaginations that run through a science fiction film such as Back to the Future. Whereas the documentary attempts to provide facts about the workability of the time machine, the film begins from the imaginative point of view that already affirms such wo rkability and proceeds to explore the capacity of the machine to influence humanity and human destiny. The science fiction film, Back to the Future directed by Robert Zemeckis, effectively expands on the growing fascination about the possibility of man moving back and forth in time. The film is centered on the exploits of Marty McFly who manages to reverse the misfortunes of his family and friends by accidentally using a time machine invented by his friend Emmet Brown, a renowned scientist. McFly’s travel into the past is made possible after some Libyan terrorists kill the doc for having stolen their plutonian, which he used to power the time machine. McFly eventually learns that he is displaced from the present moment of 1985 up to the distant past of 1955. At this point, he meets his parents before they have begun dating and ensures that they are together in order to ensure the sustainability of the family. He is also able to prevent some of the happenings in the past becau se he had prior knowledge of them when he left 1985 towards 1955. For instance, he is able to protect his future father from the accident, which had brought him and his mother in love at the first place. He also meets the young Doc and convinces him to make possible his travel back into the future. During their encounter in the past, he warns Doc in a letter about his future murder at the hands of the Libyan terrorists. Doc wears a bulletproof vests and he is able to avert death. The second dramatic

Marketing Management. Experimentation and change Assignment

Marketing Management. Experimentation and change - Assignment Example This has given rise to another important trend in marketing: marketing metrics. Measuring the contribution of marketing to the overall firm performance has become a crucial part of the marketing management function. The critical question for marketing management is how the marketing function should be designed in order to provide the greatest value for organization. At the heart of this issue is the idea that the marketing function's key contribution is to serve as a link between the customer and various processes within the firm. As suggested by Moorman and Rust (1999) the marketing function should play a role in connecting the customer with 1) the product 2) service delivery and 3) financial accountability. Of those three connections the traditional role of marketing has been to link the customer with the product. The customer-product connection pertains to linking the customer to the focal offering provided by the firm. Marketing's emphasis in this linkage is on providing knowledge and skills that connect the customer to product design or quality issues. This emphasis underlies many contemporary methodologies for new product development and for managing the customer-product interface. The customer-service delivery connection involves the design and delivery of ancillary actions involved in providing a firm's goods and services to the customer. The focus of this connection is generally the frontline employee who facilitates pre or post-purchase aspects of the process. A marketing approach to this linkage is predominantly external in orientation. The focus in on ensuring that customers are satisfied with the delivery of services offered by firm, measuring customer satisfaction with services, and changing internal processes that stands to have the greatest impact on the customer. The customer-financial accountability connection refers to efforts focused on linking customers to financial outcomes. The marketing function in many firms does not manage this linkage, and the inevitable result is that financial accountability is perceived largely in terms of costs. The actual expectative is to understand the link between marketing and financial performance of firms. 3. How to measure the contribution of marketing The need for ex post evaluation of marketing programmes and activities is set by Kotler (2003) as a crucial part of the process of analysis, planning, implementation and control. This evaluation is made by means of different marketing metrics that are used to assess past performance and influence on firm effectiveness, as well as to design future strategy improvements. Marketing has a chain of effects in firm performance as suggested by Rust et al. (2004). Marketing strategies lead to marketing actions taken by the firm such as advertising campaigns, service improvement efforts, branding initiatives, loyalty programs. Then the tactical actions influence customer satisfaction, attitude toward the brand and loyalty. At the firm level, these customer measures can be into

Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer Prevention Research Proposal

Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer Prevention - Research Proposal Example Mid-wives and nurses have professional mandate to give information to mothers and pregnant women regarding their breast feeding choice? This information will also include how their respective choices will affect their general health. However, it is quite crucial that the information bases on evidence. Researchers have found evidence that breast feeding can protect women from breast cancer, but how that happens, they have not provided an elucidative explanation. Therefore, this study does not give an assurance of complete dependence on breast feeding as a protective measure against breast cancer. Contribution of breast feeding to breast cancer prevention remains imprecise despite there being enough evidence to make people believe that child bearing has protective effect against breast cancer. Earlier research indicates that women having their first babies after the age of 25, or those having lesser than four children are at a high risk of breast cancer. It also reveals that having a baby before 25 years of age, or having more children, offered protection against breast cancer, triggered by hormones. Carlson (2012) writes that currently, researchers are busy exploring the possibility of breast feeding being helpful to women carrying either one of the breast cancer faulty genes. A study earlier found that one of the breast cancer genes can be terminated by breast feeding. Though in this case, the mother was required to breast feed for more than a year. This was particular for BRCA1, which is one of the breast cancer faulty genes. The other one is BRCA2, and did not show any response to breast feeding, regardless of the length. Since the Swedish study, researchers have been giving contradicting results about breast cancer and breast feeding (Carlson, 2012). This means that research is ongoing to try and further elucidate whether it is a myth or a fact. Â  

History And Background Of The Unilever Company

History And Background Of The Unilever Company Unilever began with British soap-maker company named Lever Brothers. Their revolutionary action in business was by introducing the Sunlight Soap in 1890s. That idea was from William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Brothers. This idea helped the Lever Brothers become the first company that help popularise cleanliness in Victorian England. Moreover, the product rapidly emulated globally after that it was a success in UK and made Lever Brothers obtained more business worldwide. One of the reasons of this success was the strategy from William that not only prioritize on selling the products but also focus on manufacturing them. On the other side, in 1872 Jurgens and Van den Bergh created a company that produces margarine. Since there were many competitors in the margarine industry in Dutch, in 1920s, Jurgen and Van de Berth decided to strengthen their company by joining another margarine manufacturer in Bohemia. In 1927, there were three companies including Jurgen and Van de Berth compan y which formed Margarine Unie located in Holland. In 1930, the Lever Bros merged with the Margarine Unie and even though, an international merge was an unusual move at that time,   both of the two companies have the same vision that by doing this merge with strong global networks would create new opportunities. Finally, the name of Unilever was created by the merge of the companies. Not too long after Unilever was formed, they got a big problem which was that their raw material companies were reduced from 30% to 40% in the first year. As that problem started to attack, Unilever had to react quickly by building up an efficient system of control. In September of 1930, Unilever established the Special Committee that was designed to stabilize British and Dutch operate and concern as an internal cabinet for the organization.   Since William Levers death in 1925, it was Frances DArcy Cooper who replaced him to become the chairmen of Lever Brothers. Cooper made several benefits for Unilever, one of his revolutionary action was that he led the various companies that included Unilever into one Anglo-Dutch companies. According to The Netherlands official UK site, Anglo-Dutch Companies is the British and the Dutch historically joined forces to form some of the strongest companies in the world, and until now their position is still strong. In 1937, when the correlation between the profit-earning capabilities of the British and Dutch companies found itself overturned, it was Cooper that came to solve the problem by convincing the board of the necessity for restructuring. In the 1930s, Unilever continued to grow their business when they promoted their products in America Latin. To keep it growing, Unilever adapted a new strategy in 1940s by widening their business areas and create new areas such as particular food and chemical manufactures. Furthermore, Unilever recognized that there were something more important than widening their areas, it was the relationship between marketing and research that they must focus on. Therefore, Unilever expanded their operation by making association by two important actuations in US, those are Thomas J. Lipton company, manufacture of tea, and the Pepsodent brand of toothpaste in 1944. In 1957 Unilever continued their actions by associating with U.K. frozen food maker birds eye, and in 1961 with U.S. Ice cream novelty maker Good Humor. In the 1980s Unilever made a revolutionary restructuring by selling most of its subsidiary business to concentrate the companys core business. Eventually, foods, toiletries, detergents and special chemicals were the Unilevers core business. This restructuring also helped Unilever to make a collaboration with Chesebrought-Ponds in U.S. in 1986. That collaboration made a big impact to Unilever, their profit margin increased. Furthermore, Unilever bought Chesebrought-Pond in 1987. Nowadays, Unilever become the worlds most consumed product brand in home care, personal care and food. In 2002, Unilever had a worldwide revenue around à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬48,760 million. Unilever has two main parenting companies, they are Unilever NV in Rotterdam and Netherland and Unilever PLC in London, UK. However, Unilever still has two major competitors named Nestlà © and Procter Gamble. Unilever has several worldwide products in foods such as Lipton, Knorr, Blue Band, Ben and Jerry, Walls, and Brooke bond. In home care, they have Surf, Sun, Radiant, Domestos and Skip. In personal care, they have Ponds, Vaseline, Rexona, Lux, Dove, Lifebuoy, Pepsodent, Sunsilk and Axe/Lynx. Social and Environmental issues Besides Unilevers success, there are also some social and environmental issues that affects Unilever. There are several damages created by Unilever during their processes in manufacturing, supplying, and labouring. Palm oil issues that affected by Unilever Unilever is the company with the worlds largest buyer of palm oil. They turn the palm oil material to their products like detergents, cosmetics, bio-fuel and soaps. Their actions by cutting down the palm oil of the most area in Kalimantan was slowly destroying habitat of Orang-utan, an endangered species which lived almost everywhere in the rainforest of Kalimantan. This action resulted in the extinction of the Orang-utan species in Kalimantan. An expected of two million acres of the rainforests in Kalimantan have been cut down annually. This action is also damaging Indonesias rainforest, eventually leading to a severe climate change. Unilever created their products to help people in doing their daily life, but in fact they are also destroying other endangered lives. In 2008, Unilever was criticised by Greenpeace UK because of these actions. In November 2009, Unilever announced to cancelled and stop buying palm oil from Indonesian company, PT Smart for environmental reason. In April 2010, Unilever had secured GreenPalm certificates. GreenPalm endorsed By RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), Organization formed by several stakeholders in the palm oil industry, to protect the environmental impact of palm oil and endorse sustainable agriculture. These certificates have function to cover the supplies of its European, Australian and New Zealand businesses. Unilevers Mercury Waste In 1983, Chesebrough Ponds Ltd, one of U.S. company bought an area near Kodaikanal. They relocated their thermometer-making factory that had been in Watertown, suburb of New York to this area. In 1987, Unilever bought Ponds and the thermometer-making factory in Kodaikanal and became the biggest facility in the world. Then, Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL), the subsidiary of Unilever which operates and located in India, took charge of the factory. Early 2001, there were 7,4 tonnes of mercury-contaminated wastes around Kodaikanal in Tamil Nadu found. Kodaikanal has beautiful lakes, perennially cool weather and rich forests which is why it became the most popular tourist destination in South India. After investigating the source of those mercury it was found to be from Hindustan Lever Limited factory. Mercury is a toxic metal that can harm humans liver and brain.   Once mercury come into the environment, it will be changed during natural method into a structure that works its way quickly through the food chain where it can contemplate to hazardously high levels. Mercury is the basic material to create thermometers. In March 2001, four hundred people from Factory workers unions and local communities protested and complained about the unsafe waste disposal methods from Hindustan Lever Limited factory. They gave an ultimatum of either closing the factory or remove it from Kodaikanal areas. They also said since the mercury disposal happen in this area, it was destroying the Shola ecosystem of Western Ghats. After that incident, Unilever decided to postpone their thermometer production in Hindustan Lever Limited factory near Kodaikanal until they find a solution to the problem. However on June 21 2001, the Government of India ordered HLL to close the factory and ship the rest of the mercury waste to the U.S. Unilever Use Child Labour in India In India, Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL) has employed for expected number of 25,000 children, mostly girls in cotton seed production. They worked usually between ten and thirteen hours per day and they only got 40 Eurocents per day. Sometime, they are exposed to toxic pesticides during their work. The reason company prefer employed child than the adult was to save money in waging the labour. Usually, a child only receives 55% less than a man and 30 % less than a woman. One of their labour was Narasamma, 12 years old. She was a migrant who worked in cotton seed field for the last three years. She worked more than 12 hours per day with only two breaks. During work, she was regularly sprayed by pesticides and got ill after. However, she only earned Rs. 800 a month. In early 2003, many countries in Europe such as Germany, Netherlands and Ireland started do the campaign to stop Child labour. This campaign started from Germany, then to Netherlands and the campaign finished in Ireland. The main message from those campaigns was that school is the best place for children, so stop child labour. In may 2003, Unilever announced that they would solve the child labour problem in India. Unilever told Hindustan Lever Limited to start rejecting the use of child labour. Conclusion Unilever is one of most influential companies in the world by providing products that help people in their daily life and also supporting global economic growth. They improve their strategy to create products time by time until they meet customer requirements. That is why most of their product trustable and convenient to be used. Some survey showed that every houses in the world at least has one of Unilever product. This is showed that Unilever is very influential in human social life. Perhaps giving value to the brand is the best action that Unilever had done. However, Unilever made some environmental and social issues in their history. Many had protested what Unilever had done in the moment. In fact, Unilever is one of the companies which have been responsible for their actions. Unilever reacted quickly by fixing the problem.

Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare

‘Critics often judge Gertrude as a weak, selfish and innocent woman, caught up in conflicts she does not fully understand.’ To what extent do you agree with this? The two female characters in Shakespeare’s tragedy seem to be drowned in the mist of the deceitful power-game played by the male characters, which contribute to the on-going tragic conventions of murder, revenge and betrayal so prevalent in this form of drama. The title of Hamlet’s metatheatrical play-within-a-play, 'the mouse-trap' is as applicable to the plot of Shakespeare’s 'Hamlet'; set in the especially patriarchal society of Elsinore, which is dominated by the authoritative actions of the male characters, Hamlet may be seen as a tragedy where the female characters have small and seemingly unimportant roles in the tragic plot compared to the climactic ‘masculine’ moments – the visitations of the Ghost, the dramatic agon between Hamlet and Claudius and the final conquest between Hamlet and his counterpart Laertes. Gertrude is a character whose fate is tragically overshadowed by the power of these men, indicative of the submissive role o f women in the Jacobean period. Despite the fact that directors often present Gertrude as a sensual and deceitful woman who is vain and self-satisfied with strong sexual appetites, if one looks to Shakespeare’s text, this character has a very small and arguably innocent voice in the play; indeed Rebecca Smith argues that ‘Gertrude’s words and action create not the lusty, lustful, lascivious Gertrude that one generally sees in stage and film productions but a compliant, loving, unimaginative woman whose only concern is pleasing others’. In order to assess Shakespeare’s characterisation of the Queen, it is necessary to exami... ...arded as selfish, weak and innocent, caught up in a conflict that she more than understands. Works Cited Bamber, L.(1990) â€Å"Class Struggle: Shakespeare and Sexism.† The Women’s Review of Books 7:5. Bradley, A.C. (1966) Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: St. Martin's Press. Burnett, Mark, ed. (1994) New Essays on Hamlet. New York: AMS Press. Granville-Barker, Henry. (1970) Prefaces to Shakespeare. New York: Hill and Wang. Heilbrun, Carolyn. (1957) Hamlet’s Mother. California: University of California Press. Kolin, Philip C. (1991). Shakespeare and Feminist Criticism an Annotated Bibliography and Commentary. New York: Garland. Loske, Olaf. (1960) Outrageous Fortune. Oslo: Oslo University Press. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Smith, Rebecca. ‘A Heart Cleft in Twain: the Dilemma of Shakespeare’s Gertrude’.

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 25

Matt lunged at Damon in a rush that clearly demonstrated the skills that had gotten him a college football scholarship. He accelerated from utter stillness to a blur of motion, trying to tackle Damon, to bring him down. â€Å"Run,† he shouted, at the same instant.†Run!† Elena stood still, trying to come up with Plan A after this disaster. She had been forced to watch Stefan's humiliation at Damon's hands at the boardinghouse, but she didn't think she could stand to see this. But when she looked again, Matt was standing about a dozen yards from Damon, white-faced and grim, but alive and on his feet. He was preparing to rush Damon again. And Elena†¦couldn't run. She knew that it would probably be the best thing – Damon might punish Matt briefly but most of his attention would be turned to hunting her down. But she couldn't be sure. And she couldn't be sure that the punishment wouldn't kill Matt, or that he would be able to get away before Damon found her and had leisure time to think of him again. No, notthis Damon, pitiless and remorseless as he was. There must be some way – she could almost feel wheels spinning in her own head. And then she saw it. No, not that†¦ But what else was there to do? Matt was, indeed, rushing Damon again, and this time as he went for him, lithe and unstoppable and fast as a darting snake, she saw what Damon did. He simply sidestepped at the last moment, just when Matt was about to ram him with a shoulder. Matt's momentum kept him going, but Damon simply turned in place and faced him again. Then he picked up his damned pine branch. It was broken at the end where Matt had trampled it. Damon frowned at the stick, then shrugged, lifting it – and then both he and Matt stopped frozen. Something came sailing in from the sidelines to settle on the ground between them. It lay there, stirring in the breeze. It was a maroon and navy Pendleton shirt. Both of the boys turned slowly toward Elena, who was wearing a white lacy camisole. She shivered slightly and wrapped her arms around herself. It seemed unusually cold for this time of evening. Very slowly, Damon lowered the pine branch. â€Å"Saved by yourinamorata ,† he said to Matt. â€Å"I know what that means and it's not true,† Matt said. â€Å"She's my friend, not my girlfriend.† Damon just smiled distantly. Elena could feel his eyes on her bare arms. â€Å"So†¦on to the next step,† he said. Elena wasn't surprised. Heartsick but not surprised. Neither was she surprised to see, when Damon turned to look from her to Matt and back, a flash of red. It seemed to be reflected on the inside of his sunglasses. â€Å"Now,† he said to Elena. â€Å"I think we'll put you over there on that rock, sort of half reclining. But first – another kiss.† He looked back at Matt. â€Å"Get with the program, Matt; you're wasting time. First, maybe you kiss her hair, then she throws her head back and you kiss her neck, while she puts her arms around your shoulders†¦.† Matt,thought Elena. Damon had saidMatt . It had slipped out so easily, so innocently. Suddenly her entire brain, and her body, too, seemed to be vibrating as if to a single note of music, seemed to be flooded by an icy shower-bath. And what the note was saying was not shocking, because it was something that somehow, at a subliminal level, she already knew†¦. That's not Damon. This wasn't the person she had known for – was it really only nine or ten months? She had seen him when she was a human girl, and she had defied him and desired him in equal measure – and he had seemed to love her best when she was defying him. She had seen him when she was a vampire and had been drawn to him with all her being, and he had cared for her as if she were a child. She had seen him when she was a spirit, and from the afterlife she had learned a great deal. He was a womanizer, he could be callous, he drifted through his victims' lives like a chimera, like a catalyst, changing other people while he himself remained unchanging and unchanged. He mystified humans, confused them, used them – leaving them bewildered, because he had the charm of the devil. And never once had she seen him break his word. She had a rock-bottom feeling that this wasn't something that was a decision, it was so much a part of Damon, lodged so deep in his subconscious, that even he couldn't do anything to change it. He couldn't break his word. He'd starve first. Damon was still talking to Matt, giving him orders. â€Å"†¦and then take off her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So what about his word to be her bodyguard, to keep her from harm? He was talking to her now. â€Å"So you know when to throw your head back? After he – â€Å" â€Å"Who are you?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"You heard me.Who are you? If you had really seen Stefan off and promised him to take care of me, none of this would have happened. Oh, you might be messing with Matt, but not in front of me. You're not – Damon's not stupid. He knows what a bodyguard is. He knows that watching Matt in pain hurts me as well. You're not Damon. Who†¦are†¦you?† Matt's strength and fast-as-a-rattlesnake speed hadn't done any good. Maybe a different approach would work. As Elena spoke, she had been very slowly reaching up to Damon's face. Now, with one motion, she pulled his sunglasses off. Eyes red as fresh new blood shone out at her. â€Å"What have you done?†she whispered. â€Å"What have you done to Damon?† Matt was out of the range of her voice but had been inching around, trying to get her attention. She wished fervently that Matt would just make a run for it himself. Here, he was just another way for this creature to blackmail her. Without seeming to move quickly, the Damon-thing reached down and snatched the sunglasses from her hand. It was too fast for her to resist. Then he seized her wrist in a painful grip. â€Å"This would be a lot easier on both of you if you'd cooperate,† he said casually. â€Å"You don't seem to realize what might happen if you make me angry.† His grip was forcing her down, forcing her to kneel. Elena decided not to let it. But unfortunately her body didn't want to cooperate; it sent urgent messages of pain to her mind, of agony, of burning, searing agony. She had thought that she could ignore it, could stand to let him break her wrist. She was wrong. At some point something in her brain blacked out completely, and the next thing she knew she was on her knees with a wrist that felt three times the right size and burned fiercely. â€Å"Human weakness,† Damon said scornfully. â€Å"It will get you every time†¦. You should know better than to disobey me, by now.† Not Damon,Elena thought, so vehemently that she was surprised the imposter didn't hear her. â€Å"All right,† Damon's voice continued above her as cheerfully as if he'd simply given her a suggestion. â€Å"You go sit on that rock, leaning backward, and Matt, if you'll just come over here, facing her.† The tone was of polite command, but Matt ignored it and was beside her already, looking at the finger marks on Elena's wrist as if he didn't believe them. â€Å"Matt stands up, Elena sits, or the opposite one gets the full treatment. Have fun, kiddies.† Damon had the palm-camera out again. Matt consulted Elena with his eyes. She looked at the imposter and said, enunciating carefully, â€Å"Go to hell, whoever you are.† â€Å"Been there, done that, bought the brimstone,† the not-Damon creature rattled off. He gave Matt a smile that was both luminescent and terrifying. Then he waggled the pine branch. Matt ignored it. He waited, his face stoic, for the pain to hit. Elena struggled up to stand by him. Side by side, they could defy Damon. Who seemed for a moment to be out of his mind. â€Å"You're trying to pretend you're not afraid of me. But you will be. If you had any sense, you would be now.† Belligerently, he took a step toward Elena.†Why aren't you afraid of me?† â€Å"Whoever you are, you're just an oversized bully. You've hurt Matt. You've hurt me. I'm sure you can kill us. But we're not afraid of bullies.† â€Å"You will be afraid.† Now Damon's voice had dropped to a menacing whisper. â€Å"Just wait.† Even as something was ringing in Elena's ears, telling her to listen to those last words, to make a connection – who did that sound like? – the pain hit. Her knees were knocked out by it. But she wasn't just kneeling now. She was trying to roll into a ball, trying to curl around the agony. All rational thought was swept from her head. She sensed Matt beside her, trying to hold her, but she could no more communicate with him than she could fly. She shuddered and fell to her side, as if having a seizure. Her entire universe was pain, and she only heard voices as if they came from far away. â€Å"Stop it!† Matt sounded frantic.†Stop it! Are you crazy? That'sElena , for God's sake! Do you want to kill her ?† And then the not-Damon-thing advising him mildly, â€Å"I wouldn't try that again,† but the only sound Matt made was a scream of primal rage. â€Å"Caroline!† Bonnie was raging, pacing back and forth in Stefan's room while Meredith did something else with the computer. â€Å"Howdare she?† â€Å"She doesn't dare try to attack Stefan or Elena outright – there's the oath,† Meredith said. â€Å"So she's thought this up to get at all of us.† â€Å"But Matt – â€Å" â€Å"Oh, Matt's handy,† Meredith said grimly. â€Å"And unfortunately there's the matter of the physical evidence on both of them.† â€Å"What do you mean? Matt doesn't – â€Å" â€Å"The scratches, my dear,† put in Mrs. Flowers, looking sad, â€Å"from your razor-toothed bug. The poultice I put on will have healed them so that they'll look like a girl's fingernail scratches – about now. And the mark it left on your neck†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mrs. Flowers coughed delicately. â€Å"It looks like what in my day was called a  ¡Ã‚ ®love bite.' Perhaps a sign of a tryst that ended in force? Not that your friend would ever do anything like that.† â€Å"And remember how Caroline looked when we saw her, Bonnie?† Meredith said dryly. â€Å"Not the crawling around – I'll bet anything she's walking just fine now. But her face. She had a black eye coming in and a swollen cheek. Perfect for the time frame.† Bonnie felt as if everyone was two steps ahead of her. â€Å"Whattime frame?† â€Å"The night the bug attacked Matt. It was the morning after that that the sheriff called and talked to him. Matt admitted that his mother hadn't seen him all night, and that Neighborhood Watch guy saw Matt drive up to his house and, basically, pass out.† â€Å"That was from the bug poison. He'd just been fighting the malach!† â€Å"We know that. But they'll say he'd just come back from attacking Caroline. Caroline's mother will hardly be fit to testify – you saw how she was. So who's to say that Matt wasn't over at Caroline's? Especially if he was planning assault.† â€Å"We are! We can vouch for him – † Bonnie suddenly stumbled to a halt. â€Å"No, I guess it was after he left that this was supposed to have happened. But, no, this is all wrong!† She took up pacing again. â€Å"I saw one of those bugs up close and it was exactly the way Matt described†¦.† â€Å"And what's left of it now? Nothing. Besides, they'll say that you would sayanything for him.† Bonnie couldn't stand just walking aimlessly around anymore. She had to get to Matt, had to warn him – if they could even find him or Elena. â€Å"I thoughtyou were the one who couldn't wait a minute to find them,† she said accusingly to Meredith. â€Å"I know; I was. But I had to look something up – and besides I wanted one more try at that page only vampires are supposed to read. TheShi no Shi one. But I've tweaked the screen in all the ways I can think of, and if there's something written here, I certainly can't find it.† â€Å"Best not to waste more time on it, then,† Mrs. Flowers said. â€Å"Come get into your jacket, my dear. Shall we take the Yellow Wheeler or not?† For just a moment Bonnie had a wild vision of a horse-drawn vehicle, a sort of Cinderella carriage but not pumpkin-shaped. Then she remembered seeing Mrs. Flowers' ancient Model T – painted yellow – parked inside what must be the old stables that belonged to the boardinghouse. â€Å"We did better when we were on foot than weor Matt did in a car,† said Meredith, giving the computer monitor controls a final vicious click. â€Å"We're more mobile than – oh, my God!I did it! â€Å" â€Å"Did what?† â€Å"The website. Come look at this.† Both Bonnie and Mrs. Flowers came over to the computer. The screen was bright green with thin, faint, dark green writing. â€Å"Howdid you do it?† Bonnie demanded as Meredith bent to get a notebook and pen to copy down what they saw. â€Å"I don't know. I just tweaked the color settings one last time – I'd already tried it for Power Saver, Low Battery, High Resolution, High Contrast, and every combination I could think of.† They stared at the words. Tired of that lapis lazuli? Want to take a vacation in Hawaii? Sick of that same old liquid cuisine? Come and visit Shi no Shi. After that came an ad for the â€Å"Death of Death,† a place where vampires could be cured of their cursed state and become human again. And then there was an address. Just a city road, no mention of what state, or, for that matter, what city. But it was a Clue. â€Å"Stefan didn't mention a road address,† Bonnie said. â€Å"Maybe he didn't want to scare Elena,† Meredith said grimly. â€Å"Or maybe, when he looked at the page, the address wasn't there.† Bonnie shivered. â€Å"Shi no Shi – I don't like the sound of it. And don't laugh at me,† she added to Meredith defensively. â€Å"Remember what Stefan said about trusting my intuition?† â€Å"Nobody's laughing, Bonnie. We need to get to Elena and Matt. What does your intuition tell you about that?† â€Å"It says that we're going to get into trouble, and that Matt and Elena are in trouble already.† â€Å"Funny, because that's just what my judgment tells me.† â€Å"Are we ready, now?† Mrs. Flowers handed out flashlights. Meredith tried hers and found it had a strong, steady beam. â€Å"Let's do it,† she said, automatically flipping off Stefan's lamp again. Bonnie and Mrs. Flowers followed her down the stairs, out of the house, and onto the street they had run from not so long ago. Bonnie's pulse was racing, her ears ready for the slightestwhipwhip sound. But except for the beams of their flashlights, the Old Wood was completely dark and eerily silent. Not even the sound of birdsong broke the moonless night. They plunged in, and in minutes they were lost. Matt woke up on his side and for a moment didn't know where he was. Outdoors. Ground. Picnic? Hiking? Fell asleep? And then he tried to move and agony flared like a geyser of flame, and he remembered everything. That bastard , torturing Elena, he thought. Torturing Elena. It didn't go together, not withDamon . What was it Elena had been saying to him at the end that had made him so angry? The thought nagged at him, but it was just another unanswered question, like Stefan's note in Elena's diary. Matt realized that he could move, if very slowly. He looked around, moving his head by careful increments until he saw Elena, lying near him like a broken doll. He hurt and he was desperately thirsty. She would feel the same way. The first thing was to get her to a hospital; the kind of muscular contractions brought on by that degree of pain could break an arm or even a leg. They were certainly strong enough to cause a sprain or dislocation. Not to mention Damon spraining her wrist. That was what the practical, sensible part of him was thinking. But the question that kept going around in his mind still made him reel in complete astonishment. Hehurt Elena? The way he hurt me? I don't believe it. I knew he was sick, twisted, but I never heard of him hurting the girls. And never, never Elena.Never . But me – if he treats me the way he treats Stefan, he'll kill me. I don't have a vampire's resilience. I have to get Elena out of this before he kills me. I can't leave her alone with him. Instinctively, somehow, he knew that Damon was still around. This was confirmed when he heard some little noise, turned his head too fast, and found himself staring at a blurred and wobbling black boot. The blur and wobble were the result of turning too quickly, but as quickly as he'd turned, he'd suddenly felt his face pressed into the dirt and pine needles on the ground of the clearing. By The Boot. It was on his neck, grinding his face into the dirt now. Matt made a wordless sound of pure fury and grabbed at the leg above the boot with both hands, trying to get a purchase and throw Damon off. But while he could grasp the smooth leather of the boot, moving it in any direction was impossible. It was as if the vampire in the boot could turn himself to iron. Matt could feel the tendons in his throat stand out, his face turn red, and his muscles bunch under his shirt as he made a violent effort to heave Damon off. At last, exhausted, chest heaving, he lay still. In that very same instant, The Boot was lifted. Exactly, he realized, at the moment when he was too tired to lift his head himself. He made a supreme effort and lifted it a few inches. And The Boot caught him under the chin and lifted his face a little higher. â€Å"What a pity,† Damon said with infuriating contempt. â€Å"You humans are so weak. It's no fun to play with you at all.† â€Å"Stefan†¦will come back,† Matt got out, looking up at Damon from where he was unintentionally groveling on the ground. â€Å"Stefan will kill you.† â€Å"Guess what?† Damon said conversationally. â€Å"Your face is all messed up on one side – scratches, you know. You've got sort of a Phantom of the Opera thing going on.† â€Å"If he doesn't, I will. I don't know how, but I will. I swear it.† â€Å"Careful what you promise.† Just as Matt got his arm working enough to prop him up – exactly then, to the millisecond – Damon reached out and grabbed him painfully by a handful of hair, yanking his head up. â€Å"Stefan,† Damon said, looking straight down into Matt's face and forcing Matt to look up at him, no matter how Matt tried to turn his face away, â€Å"was only powerful for a few days because he was drinking the blood of a very powerful spirit who hadn't yet adapted to Earth yet. But look at her now.† He twisted his grip on Matt's hair again, more painfully. â€Å"Some spirit. Lying there in the dirt. Now the Power is back where it should be. Do you understand?Do you – boy?† Matt just stared at Elena. â€Å"How could you do that?† he whispered finally. â€Å"An object lesson in what it means to defy me. And surely you wouldn't want me to be sexist and leave her out?† Damontched . â€Å"You have to keep up with the times.† Matt said nothing. He had to get Elena out of this. â€Å"Worrying about the girl? She's just playing possum now. Hoping I'll ignore her and concentrate on you.† â€Å"You're a liar.† â€Å"So I'll concentrate on you. Speaking of keeping up with the times, you know – except for the scratches and things, you're a fine-looking young man.† At first the words meant nothing to Matt. When he understood them, Matt could feel his blood freeze in his body. â€Å"As a vampire, I can give you an informed and honest opinion. And as a vampire, I'm getting very thirsty. There's you. And then there's the girl who's still pretending to be asleep. I'm sure you can see what I'm getting at.† I believe in you, Elena, Matt thought. He's a liar, and he'll always be a liar. â€Å"Take my blood,† he said wearily. â€Å"Are you sure?† Now Damon sounded solicitous. â€Å"If you resist, the pain is horrible.† â€Å"Just get it over with.† â€Å"Whatever you like.† Damon knelt fluidly on one knee, at the same time twisting his grip on Matt's hair, making Matt wince. The new grip dragged Matt's upper body across Damon's knee, so that his head was thrown back, his neck arched and exposed. In fact Matt had never felt so exposed, so helpless, so vulnerable in his life. â€Å"You can always change your mind,† Damon taunted him. Matt shut his eyes, stubbornly saying nothing. At the last moment, though, as Damon bent with fangs exposed, Matt's fingers almost involuntarily, almost as if it were something his body was doingapart from his mind, clenched themselves into a fist and he suddenly, unpredictably, brought the fist swinging up to deal a violent blow to Damon's temple. But – serpent-quick – Damon reached up and caught the blow almost nonchalantly in an open hand, and held Matt's fingers in a crushing grip – just as razor-sharp fangs opened a vein in Matt's throat and an open mouth fastened on his exposed throat, sucking and drinking the blood that sprayed upward. Elena – awake but unable to move from where she had fallen, unable to make a sound or turn her head – was forced to listen to the entire exchange, forced to hear Matt's groan as his blood was taken against his will, as he resisted to the last. And then she thought of something that, as dizzy and frightened as she was, almost made her pass out in fear.

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Conflicts in Communication â€Å"I just don’t understand men!† This expression is a popular one used by women of all ages. From adolescents to senior citizens, women are at a struggle in understanding why men do the things they do and vice versa. It is a general understanding that communication is the key to any relationship. However, both sexes use language for different purposes making it difficult to comprehend one another. In chapter 3 of Understanding Human Communication, Gender and Language is discussed in detail. According to the book, both genders share common topics of discussion such as movies, television and work. However, women generally use language for social purposes, to discuss personal problems and feelings. While on the other hand, men use language in a more impersonal manner, to complete the task at hand with minimal expression of their emotions. Women view conversations with other females a necessity, while men view conversations with other males as something they simply lik e to do. Through my experiences, I can honestly say that I agree with these descriptions of male and female language. Obviously not everyone complies with these descriptions, but for the most part these generalizations are true. Every female deals with their problems in very various ways yet there is always one similarity: girlfriends are a necessity in resolving those problems. When I look back at high school, I see a nonstop cycle of gossip, lies, fights, boyfriends, and heartaches. These were the toughest years of my life so far and I am glad I did not have to go through them alone. In any bad situation, the first to be by my side were my girls. They helped me realize things that I already knew deep down, but needed to hear it out loud to believe. We would talk all night about our feelings on sex, boys, family, friends, and high school gossip. These â€Å"bonding sessions are a main reason that women need female-to-female conversations. Fe... Free Essays on Conflicts In Communication Free Essays on Conflicts In Communication Conflicts in Communication â€Å"I just don’t understand men!† This expression is a popular one used by women of all ages. From adolescents to senior citizens, women are at a struggle in understanding why men do the things they do and vice versa. It is a general understanding that communication is the key to any relationship. However, both sexes use language for different purposes making it difficult to comprehend one another. In chapter 3 of Understanding Human Communication, Gender and Language is discussed in detail. According to the book, both genders share common topics of discussion such as movies, television and work. However, women generally use language for social purposes, to discuss personal problems and feelings. While on the other hand, men use language in a more impersonal manner, to complete the task at hand with minimal expression of their emotions. Women view conversations with other females a necessity, while men view conversations with other males as something they simply lik e to do. Through my experiences, I can honestly say that I agree with these descriptions of male and female language. Obviously not everyone complies with these descriptions, but for the most part these generalizations are true. Every female deals with their problems in very various ways yet there is always one similarity: girlfriends are a necessity in resolving those problems. When I look back at high school, I see a nonstop cycle of gossip, lies, fights, boyfriends, and heartaches. These were the toughest years of my life so far and I am glad I did not have to go through them alone. In any bad situation, the first to be by my side were my girls. They helped me realize things that I already knew deep down, but needed to hear it out loud to believe. We would talk all night about our feelings on sex, boys, family, friends, and high school gossip. These â€Å"bonding sessions are a main reason that women need female-to-female conversations. Fe... Free Essays on Conflicts In Communication Conflicts in Communication â€Å"I just don’t understand men!† This expression is a popular one used by women of all ages. From adolescents to senior citizens, women are at a struggle in understanding why men do the things they do and vice versa. It is a general understanding that communication is the key to any relationship. However, both sexes use language for different purposes making it difficult to comprehend one another. In chapter 3 of Understanding Human Communication, Gender and Language is discussed in detail. According to the book, both genders share common topics of discussion such as movies, television and work. However, women generally use language for social purposes, to discuss personal problems and feelings. While on the other hand, men use language in a more impersonal manner, to complete the task at hand with minimal expression of their emotions. Women view conversations with other females a necessity, while men view conversations with other males as something they simply lik e to do. Through my experiences, I can honestly say that I agree with these descriptions of male and female language. Obviously not everyone complies with these descriptions, but for the most part these generalizations are true. Every female deals with their problems in very various ways yet there is always one similarity: girlfriends are a necessity in resolving those problems. When I look back at high school, I see a nonstop cycle of gossip, lies, fights, boyfriends, and heartaches. These were the toughest years of my life so far and I am glad I did not have to go through them alone. In any bad situation, the first to be by my side were my girls. They helped me realize things that I already knew deep down, but needed to hear it out loud to believe. We would talk all night about our feelings on sex, boys, family, friends, and high school gossip. These â€Å"bonding sessions are a main reason that women need female-to-female conversations. Fe...

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Article Example Analysis Different people have different preferences when they choose a hotel to spend a night or eat a meal. Some of these qualities are influenced by price, location, service and suitability. Moreover, apart from choice of hotel, people travel to different destinations based on different reasons. As a result, the hotel industry has been affected greatly by different factors such as tourism or events like sports. We will look at business travel and sports tourism as analysed by two different academic journals. Business Travel: Business travellers are one the largest segments of people who drive the hotel industry. Most of these travellers prefer stating at mid-level hotels and some select prefer luxury hotels for their superior service. As a result, hotels located in the mid-level segment are known to offer services to customer based on certain qualities. Some to the qualities include fair prices, rewards scheme and good service (Swarbrooke,  2012). During the recent economic down turn that affected a lot of industries and sectors, the hotel industry was also greatly affected (Bowen, 2009, pp. 32-37). As a result, many hotel chains such as the Marriot International hotels strategically made it possible for their mid level hotels to position themselves in attracting business travellers. Mid-level hotels have segmented their business in such a way that it allows for people to enjoy long stay at the hotel with different services being offered (Kandampully, 2007, pp. 63). As a result, a lot of people enjoy amenities such as fast internet, conference rooms and breakfast offerings that would endear business travellers to such hotels (Knutson, 2009, pp. 38). Hotels like the Cairo Marriot hotel and the Marriot Mumbai International Airport hotels are examples of hotels which are built purposely for catering to the needs of business travellers. The Marriot hotel chain is an example of a hotel chain that has perfected the art of attracting business travellers. The hotel chain has done this through offering a loyalty program that targets constant and loyal customers. The loyalty program allows loyal customers to earn points which give them an opportunity of getting discounts and hotel packages unlike other customers (Davidson,  2008). Sports Tourism: this is the newest phenomena in the world of travel and in the hotel industry due to the number of people who travel. As a result, there are a lot of people who travel to different sporting events with the hope and aim of attending to these events. Events such as the World Cup, Summer Games, UEFA Champions League and other sporting events attract a lot of fans and sportsmen or women who visit these events create a new kind of tourism that boosts the hotel industry (Knutson, 2009, pp. 36). As a result, a lot of hotels offer services such as quality service such as good food and ambience that allows a fan or sports person to make use of hotel amenities in the event of attending the sporting event (Prit chard, 2003, pp 64-65). Some hotels offer services such as guided tours to stadiums, good gyms and training facilities for sport travellers. Some hotels also offer secrecy and exclusivity that is needed by sport people who need a lot exclusion to train and concentrate on their games. Another offering that is used by hotels is location in terms of closeness to sports venues and

Governmental Reinvention and Privatization Essay

Governmental Reinvention and Privatization - Essay Example It begins with a description of the publications that most often have been associated with the reinvention movement. The primary purpose of the paper, however, is to review reinvention's assumptions, themes, and purposes. It concludes by presenting critical views of REGO's approach and some assumptions toward human resource reforming. For decades the civil service, also known as the merit system, has been accused of being too narrowly focused on protecting government employees from political or personal favoritism. It also has been criticized for not adequately supporting managerial objectives and organizational missions. These kinds of complaints constitute the motivating force behind reinventing government (REGO), which one notable scholar called the most energetic and robust reform movement in the past half-century (Light, 1994, 63). Human resources constitute the most influential of all factors that bear on the quality of an organization's products and services. If employees are not well trained, focused, and committed, then high quality organizational performance is not likely to materialize. This is the basic reasoning that underpins organizational concern for how human resources are managed. It is a logic that applies to both the private and public sectors. REGO claims that the traditional public sector em ployment principles of fitness and merit can coexist with increased managerial discretion and greater employee independence. It also contends that flexibility and innovation can be combined with a system that demands high levels of accountability and equity. (Thompson and Riccucci, 1998) The reinvention critique extends to most areas of government, in addition to targeting many of its recommendations at the civil service. Reinventing Government Reports Management reform is not new to the federal government. At least one major reform initiative has been undertaken every decade of the twentieth century. As Shafritz et al. (2001) report, they "all began with an assumption that government . . . was broken, fragmented, badly organized, and incapable of performing at a level acceptable to the public" (p. 61). The 1980s and 1990s were times during which an extraordinary amount of government reform activity took place (Peters, 1996, p. vii). One scholar of public sector change says the period reflected the greatest pressure ever placed on the U.S. government to innovate (Light 1994, p. 63). The reform movement is not just a United States phenomenon. The National Academy of Public Administration claims that "government performance and accountability is an issue throughout the world" (1995, p. 61). In announcing the creation of the National Performance Review, President Clinton stated that one of its principal goals was "to change the culture of our national bureaucracy away from complacency and entitlement toward initiative and empowerment" (National Performance Review, 1993, p. 1). This may be as succinct a summary of reinvention as